Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Writing Review - Essay Example This paper investigations the downturn and its effect on Indian boat breaking industry. The article Effect of downturn, composed by Nagpal N in 2008 has referenced that the joblessness expanded a great deal as a result of downturn. He has additionally referenced that the organizations compelled to chop down their consumption on promoting and media exercises in view of downturn. Securities exchanges everywhere throughout the world have indicated negative outcomes in light of downturn. The individuals who put resources into lodging, vehicle, security and protection plans endured parcel of harms. Ostracizes in America from nations like India lost their positions and began to return as a result of the downturn. As the dollar esteem falls, the American economy began to decay. The modest merchandise makers, China and Thailand like nations were likewise endured part of issues in light of their market misfortune in America (Nagpal, 2008). The article Impact of worldwide downturn on India by Sonia Verma clarified downturn regarding request, swelling and collapse. Indian organizations getting great re-appropriating organizations from America and any financial issues in America may influence India moreover. Fares to America from India likewise endured significant misfortune on account of downturn. America halted new employing which is another worry for the Indian exile network in America. Around one crore people could misfortune work due to downturn in America itself in a money related year. IT ventures, budgetary divisions, land proprietors, vehicle industry, speculation banking and different enterprises were the significant victims of the current downturn (Verma, 2009) The article Recession ends up being a shelter for transport breaking at Alang, revealed substantial business in Indian boat breaking industry during the current downturn time frame. It detailed that organizations docking vessels for removal to maintain a strategic distance from a downturn in cargo rates. Rising steel costs,

Love in Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Love in Marriage - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that marriage is the premise of a nuclear family, and society's focal segment is family - along these lines, marriage. On a general term, marriage is the meeting up of two people whose point is a lifetime of organization and perhaps, proliferation. In the event that this is valid, at that point it is protected to state that security is significant for couples to proceed onward with their wedded lives towards the satisfaction of their bound together objectives. While the facts demonstrate that a few couples might be hitched for reasons other than adoration, and keeping in mind that it is likewise evident that these sorts of relationships may have worked for a portion of these couples, it despite everything stays genuine that affection plays a significant and significant job in most of relationships on the planet. These days, it tends to be said that adoration is misrepresented seeing someone and underestimated in relationships. This mig ht be the explanation behind a few early relationships or connections, and persistent increment in separate from rates. While nobody says it isn't right to engage with affection at an early age, while inside a marriage, couples need to perceive it's significance â€Å"till passing do them part.† According to late examinations, while sentimental love is an idea that is broadly acknowledged, not every person thinks about it as a significant factor in marriage. Notwithstanding, most investigations show that affection in marriage helps in balancing out the joining between the couples. Shockingly, while not every person sees love as important to build up marriage, a huge level of relationships in social orders depend on sentimental unions.... In any case, it ought to be first underlined that the consideration it needs isn't the one that causes romance book hits or blockbuster hits. For one, effective relationships appear to be an irregularity (De, 1996, p.703). What number of among associates or family members have effective relationships, or have at any rate originated from fruitful associations? It appears that nearly everyone in this day and age in any event knows an individual who have originated from a messed up home. Gone were the days when the term â€Å"broken home† causes pulls at the hearts of the individuals who hear. Why? Since it has gotten so normal. It is conceivable that individuals may have been so critical of the idea of affection that the more they know about it's alleged inability to make relationships work, the more they ignore it. One needs to recollect that while love in relationships won't change the irritating things that they state make relationships breakdown gradually, love may help in m aking couples center not around what is irritating, yet on what is satisfying. And keeping in mind that affection won't keep either party from getting injured, it will at any rate prepare for conceivable absolution (Chapman, 2007, p.29-31). On an intelligent note, since people are innately needing friendship, relationships ought to be where the satisfaction of the feeling of having a place and security should originate from. As referenced before, adoration in relationships helps in giving dependability in an association. Along these lines, individuals ought not investigate love in relationships as an only a sentimental thought coming about because of an excess of perusing of wallets or watching sentimental films. Love in relationships runs further than shallow Hollywood introductions. Love and marriage are two pivotal components in human culture. Understanding the significance of adoration is balancing out this center unit

Essay Topics on What Is Derivative - 3 Important Points to Always Keep in Mind When Writing Topic on What Is Derivative

Essay Topics on What Is Derivative - 3 Important Points to Always Keep in Mind When Writing Topic on What Is DerivativeThere are several things that a writer should do before he or she ever begins to write a topic on what is derivative. This article will outline some of the basic points that need to be taken into consideration before writing anything on the topic. I believe that this article will save you time and frustration when it comes to writing essay topics on what is derivative.The first thing that needs to be addressed is that a topic should be developed and put into a format that is as easy to understand as possible. The questions should be short and simple. The purpose of a topic on what is derivative is to help the reader gain a knowledge base of how the subject works.Once the topic has been developed as the next step is to find out as much as possible about the subject. After finding out as much as possible about the subject of the topic should be written in a manner that is going to be easy to read. This can be done by breaking the essay into three different sections. I call these the following:The first section will be a main body that lays out the basic outline of the topic. The second section will provide the explanation of why the topic is derived from another thing. The third section will be a summary of the topic.The first section of the main body will contain a definition of the topic. This definition should answer all the questions that have been posed. The second section will have an explanation of why the topic is derived from the other thing.The third section of the main body will contain a summary of the topic. The summary should include a brief explanation of what the topic is about. Finally, the last section of the main body will contain a definition of the topic.After all of the information has been provided, the author needs to write a conclusion to the summary. This conclusion should be the main focus of the topic. It should also b e the main topic of the entire topic.Writing a topic on what is derivative is no easy task. However, with the tips I have mentioned above the process of putting together a topic on what is derivative can be easy and effective.

Limitations of Self-Report Data Essay - 2366 Words

Running head: LIMITATIONS OF SELF-REPORT DATA Assignment 2 Limitation of Self-Report Data by Samantha, BScOT Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, YUniversity for Theories of Personality Professor August 8, 2011 Abstract There has been a rapid increase in the development of web based psychological self-help sites over the past decade. Many of these sites offer test and measures focusing on various aspect of personality and psychological functioning. The tests on the websites use self-report data to obtain information. While self-report data is easily obtained and is considered a reliable source of information in most circumstances, it is not without its limitations. This paper will examine the limitations of self-report data†¦show more content†¦The test consists of 70 questions; one to identify gender and the rest requiring a yes or no response. According to the website home page, â€Å"this site is an interactive community for teens and twenty-something’s†, which included various interactive elements such as polls, forums and assessments. The site emphasises that this is not a diagnostic test and that only a professional can diagnose a true personality disorder. The assessmen t was completed fully on two separate occasions and variations in the assessment are documented by date in Table 1. |Disorder |Rating | |Paranoid |Low | |Schizoid |Low | |Antisocial |Low | |Borderline |Low | |Histrionic |Low | |Narcissistic |Low | |Avoidant |Moderate24/7/11 | | |High 4/8/11 | |DependentShow MoreRelatedEssay about Limitations of Self Report Data2887 Words   |  12 PagesLimitations of Self Report Data Abstract Self-report data may be obtained from a test or an interview format of a self-report study. The format of self-report study that will be used to discuss limitations of self-report data will be a test and a personality disorder test will be used as an example. For specific example answers for the test I completed the results all rated â€Å"low† for all personality disorders. Limitations arise from decreased reliability and validity and issues with credibilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Violence On Teenage Girls Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical advocacy, legal services, and crisis counseling, to meet the needs of immigrant adolescents experiencing sexual assault.† (Decker, Raj, Silverman, 2007). This study used a quantitative approach to research as this was just based on numerical data that was collected through small groups or done individually by participants. Quantitative analysis allows us to â€Å"to determine how thing affects another in a population.† (Faulkner Faulkner, 2016, p. 7). The type of research design that was usedRead MoreThe Use Of Peer Reported Data Is A Psychometric Tool760 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of peer reported data is a psychometric tool to gain an understanding of an individual’s â€Å"thought, feelings, motives and behaviours† (Colvin, 2009) from an outsider’s perspective. The term â€Å"peer† it often referred as people of similar age and status of the individual being reported. Furthermore, accessing peers who are familiar with the individual are best for use as they have potential seen the individual in a variety of settings and interactions to provide valuable data based on area of need;Read MoreEarly P sychological Research On Cognitive And The Nature Of Psychological Studies Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesto inquire about participants’ internal experiences (e.g., thoughts and emotions). Knowledge of these experiences is typically assessed via self-report questionnaires. Despite self-report being the most common method of personality assessment (Paulhus Vazire, 2007), there are frequent discussions about its limitations. To address some of these limitations, such as those outlined by Nisbett and Wilson (1977), many researchers are turning to ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Implemented withRead MoreNursing Research Papers937 Words   |  4 PagesThe research question, â€Å"How do reproductive-aged female patients, who have been diagnosed with cancer, perceive fertility preservation and self-actualization during their cancer survivorship surveillance phase?† is discussed within the above research summary table. CINAHL Complete and ProQuest research databases were used to find the four appropriate peer-reviewed academic journals analyzed in the research summary table. A useful tool to find research studies from academic journals can be found onRead MoreAcute Consumption Of Cannabis And Driving Performance1429 Words   |  6 Pages(marijuana). The report also aims to assist health care professionals discover the effects of cannabis on driving performance. I do not believe this report is biased, for the simple reason that the authors of the journal are an in- house team of clinical writers, editors, health economists and information specialists who work together with a unique network of experts in the field (Our expertise | BMJ, 2016). The authors also wrote on â€Å"risk of bias assessment† and â€Å"limitations† of the study.in theseRead MoreBinge Drinking : A Phenomenon That Is Present Among College Students867 Words   |  4 Pagesconcerns that will allow college campuses to take immediate action to address this major health concern. The data analyzed by Kelly-Weeder, (2010), demonstrates that binge drinking rates amongst the participants who took part in the study were extremely high. In addition, males seemed to report more binge drinking episodes in general. Although, the findings support that both males and females report binge eating episodes equally, women who were classified as binge drinkers, also seemed to engage more inRead MoreThe Ethics And Public Policies1233 Words   |  5 PagesWhen studying personality psychology, a researcher uses theories, methods, and relies heavily on ethics, reliability, and validity. Using the â€Å"LOTS of data† acronym, personality researchers gather information to study people. These include, L-data (life record data), O-data (observation data), T-data (Test data) and S-data (self-report data). (Cervone Pervin, 2013) Each method has strengths and weaknesses. As well as â€Å"LOTS†, researchers must form a theory to â€Å"decide what to measure and how to measureRead MoreImplementing A Centralized Data Warehouse System1705 Words   |  7 Pagesessential to align the data infrastructure of both enterprises into a centralized data warehouse system, which facilitate of managing operational system in the future. Consequently, integrating both data infrastructures of the companies has to be performed. As both companies are different in terms of a database system, size of a company, a number of customers as well as employees, firstly, we have to perform data warehouse pros and cons analysis in order to implement the data warehouse effectivelyRead MoreOnline Satisfaction Survey1277 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen conducted to examine the unique environment of online graduate education and students’ reports of satisfaction. The rationale for this study was to examine how collegiality measures practiced in these classes differ. In addition, the purpose of this study was to determine to what extent, if any, relationships exist between soc ial and cognitive presence factors and online graduate students’ reports of satisfaction for students enrolled at a Christian university in the Southeast region of the

Candide by Voltaire Essay example - 1218 Words

Voltaire was the author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism. The the novella, Voltaire portrays the idea of Optimism as being illogical and absurd. In Candide, Voltaire satirizes the doctrine of Optimism, an idea that was greatly used during the Enlightenment time period by philosophers. In this narrative, Candide is a young man who goes through a series of undertakings and ventures around the the globe where he experiences evil and adversity. Throughout his journeys, Candide maintained the ideas of the teachings of his tutor, Pangloss. Candide and Pangloss believed in the idea that â€Å"All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds...† (Voltaire 4). This belief is what Voltaire pointed out to be an irrational way of†¦show more content†¦To Voltaire, this type of optimism was foolish. Even though many people practiced this doctrine Voltaire did not aside with it instead, he implanted doubts on the chances of achieving true happiness and real conformism. Voltaire’s opinion was that one could not achieve true happiness in the real world but only experience it in an utopia. With the many hardships that Candide goes through ultimately leads him to abandon his attitude of optimism. Candide’s misfortunes and adversities often contrasted with his optimistic view on life. Noticeably, Voltaire uses this satirical piece as a way to criticize this exaggerated optimism. This tale as stated by William Bottiglia, â€Å" Has had a great effect on modern writers who confront mankind’s inhumanity to fellow human beings by presenting the human condition absurdly, ironically, and humorously...† (Bottiglia 112). The theme of criticism â€Å"the best of all possible worlds† is present through the whole story. Throughout the novel, Voltaire uses optimism satire to contrast with the catastrophes and human affliction in the story. When Candide finds a moribund and sick Pangloss, Candide asks who is at fault for his tragedy and Pangloss replies that â€Å" The disease was a necessity in this ‘the best of all possible worlds’, for it was brought to Europe by Columbus’ men, who also brought chocolate and cochineal, two greater goods that well offset any negative effects of the disease,† (Voltaire 17). With all theShow MoreRelatedVoltaire Candide1311 Words   |  6 PagesMarie Arouet de Voltaire was the French author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism(Durant and Durant 724). Voltaires Candide is a philosophical tale of one mans search for true happiness and his ultimate acceptance of lifes disappointments. Candide grows up in the castle of his uncle, a German baron, along with his optimistic scholar, Pangloss, and his young, beautiful cousin, Cunà ©gonde. When Candide falls in love with Cunà ©gonde and his uncle sees them kissing, Candide is thrown outRead MoreCandide by Voltaire948 Words   |  4 PagesVoltaire’s novel, Candide, encompasses a lot of things. This includes mockery of the beliefs of an opposing philosopher of the Enlightenment period . But perhaps the most powerful of his satires in his novel is on religion. Voltaire believes in God, but rather a forceful disapproval of religion. He believes that all people should serve God in their own way instead of being told how to believe God through religious officials. The first example of Voltaire mocking religion is after Candide leaves the castleRead MoreVoltaire And His Candide - Voltaire s Candide1211 Words   |  5 PagesVoltaire and his Candide Introduction Voltaire is the leader of the French Enlightenment, he enjoyed high prestige in the enlightenment movement. His life was spent in against the feudal regime system and the reactionary forces of the church (Gorbatov, 2006). Voltaire was knowledgeable, he had many works (including philosophy, history, literature, science, etc., throughout his literary creation, the most valuable was his philosophical novels (Sutcliffe, 2000). These novels maintained the vitalityRead MoreVoltaire s Candide By Voltaire2264 Words   |  10 Pages Candide by Voltaire Book Critique Emma Joy Mr. Boni World History 2- Period 2 12/19/14 I. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Bantam Books, 1959. Candide by Voltaire is a very educational and informative piece. It was chosen to be read so the students could gain a better understanding of some of the written pieces in the Enlightenment. Voltaire also makes many references as to what life was like in the 18th century. Voltaire not only describes the scenery but he gives a description ofRead MoreCandide by Voltaire847 Words   |  3 PagesCandide Paper Many critics argue that Candide is not an enlightened work, but Voltaire’s satire thoroughly reflects on the philosophical morals and lessons of the Enlightenment. Voltaire’s satire comments on the political, social, and religious views of the time, emphasizing the beliefs of a majority of enlightenment thinkers and philosophers. Voltaire demonstrates three different enlightenment thoughts or views in his work: anti-feudalism, optimism, and the hypocrisy of the Christian church.Read MoreVoltaire s Candide : Candide1766 Words   |  8 PagesVoltaire: Candide In Voltaire’s satirical novella Candide, he analyzes and criticizes the absolutist perspectives that were common of his era. By constructing his characters to each represent a different absolutist faith, he uses comedy to exaggerate and emphasize the faults in each perspective, ultimately describing the world through a cynical lens. As an influential writer of the Enlightenment period, Voltaire’s dispute of faith aligns with the enlightened goals of separating the individual fromRead MoreVoltaire s Candide And `` Candide ``936 Words   |  4 PagesEven though, the broadway play complements Voltaire’s novel, Candide, there are noticeable changes made. These changes are made in order to captivate the audience. Considering the change in time period when Voltaire originally wrote Candide, the changes needed to be made in order to contain more modern aspects that the audience would be drawn to. These changes will be discussed throughout the deliberation of the play , but the most important noticed change would be the doubling of the narrator toRead MoreCandide by Voltaire Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesCandide Voltaire’s most classic work, Candide, is a satiric assault on most everything that was prevalent in society during the author’s lifetime. The entire novel can be regarded as a bleak story where every character compares life stories to see whose life is worse. Just when the novel cannot get anymore morbid or depressing, it does, to a much greater degree. While Candide is generally considered a universal denunciation, it is optimism that Voltaire is attacking to the greatestRead MoreCandide, a Novel by Voltaire760 Words   |  3 PagesCandide Essay Voltaire was a philosopher that many people would not forget. Candide lives in the castle of Baron Thunderten Tronckh in Westphalia. The circumstances that Candide was born was that he combined a true judgement with simplicity of spirit. Voltaire satirizes the optimism espoused by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. This was a story of a young man’s adventure throughout the world and had seen many evil and disasters. Throughout his journey, he sticks to the teachings thatRead MoreA Summary On Voltaire s Candide 1496 Words   |  6 PagesJason Ross 2/15/16 David Morroe History 185 C02195103 Pre-draft Candide Voltaire known as French Enlightenmen, author, historian and a theorist. Franà §ois-Marie Arouet was born on November 21, 1694. He was so weak when being born and not expected to live Marguerite Daumard and Francois Arouet were his parents. As a student, he was an inspiration young man. He was close with his mother, and sister. Voltaire had an uneasy relationship with his father, who depressed his literature desire and tried

Payday Loans A Cash Advance - 3714 Words

Payday loans, which are also sometimes called a cash advance, is a short term loan that is due on your next payday. They generally have three features; they tend to be for smaller amounts, are due on your next payday, and require you to give the lender access to your checking account or to write a check for the amount due in advance that the lender has the option of depositing when the loan comes due. Payday loans are intended to be an option to people who are faced with meeting immediate deadlines as far as personal expenses. A majority of payday lenders charge a fee, sometimes called the finance charge, â€Å"which may range from $10 to $30 for every $100 borrowed. A typical two-week payday loan with a $15 per $100 fee equates to an annual percentage rate (APR) of almost 400%. By comparison, APRs on credit cards can range from about 12 percent to 30 percent† (What is a Payday Loan). Although, as of now, payday lending is subject to state regulation. Pew s Safe Small-Dollar L oans Research Project classified states into three categories—Permissive, Hybrid, and Restrictive—based on their payday loan regulations. Pew defines permissive states, in which there are 27, as â€Å"Allowing single repayment loans with APRs of 391 or higher.† They define hybrid states, in which there are 9, as â€Å"Having payday loan storefronts but maintain more exacting requirements, such as lower limits on fees or loan usage, or longer repayment periods.† And they define permissive states, in which there areShow MoreRelatedPayday Loans Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesYou need a cash advance immediately, but are too shy to ask relatives or friends, and are scared of the paperwork involved in a bank loan. Shed all your worries, for help is a mouse click away in the form of payday loans. Payday loans are one of the most convenient ways of getting a cash advance today with practically no paperwork or other hassles. Defining Payday loans Payday loans are a short-term cash advance, when it is needed the most...usually between paydays! Payday loans are a great wayRead MorePayday Loans Are Incredibly Useful For When Payday768 Words   |  4 PagesOnline payday loans are incredibly useful for when payday is still far away, but you need cash immediately. However, most people don t know what payday loans are or if they re the right financial option for their needs. Read on to learn about online payday loans and how to determine if they re right for you. What exactly is a payday loan? Also known as a short term loan, cash advance, fast cash, cash loan, bad credit loan or deferred deposit, a payday loan is an unsecured loan, usually for aRead MoreEssay On Cash Loans702 Words   |  3 Pagesreading this article, you should know enough about cash loans to make the right decision about them, and also be able to explain them to others Advances with payday loans help you get through to your next payday. These loans always come with strict fees attached. When you fall behind in your bills, you could ask for extensions and work closely with your utility service providers to pay your arrangers. Or you can go for a payday loan. A payday loans is designed for instant relief in emergency situationsRead MoreOnline Payday Loan Is Not All Of Us Are Good With Money1077 Words   |  5 PagesCall Online Payday Loan Today. Online Payday Loan Not all of us are good with money when it comes to decisions and savings, and in most cases saving it means only to store your money in a bank account until you can spend it on a later date. There is a way for you to get your online payday loan. But why would you force yourself to wait for something you want when there is another way. Having an option for online payday loan means you will have more free time and spend it making better decisionsRead MorePayday Loans: Playing Families Like an Instrument Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal loan at a local bank is all it takes to get back on track. For many though, this isn’t an option, and they only place they have to turn is payday lending, which may sound like a good idea up front, but in the long run can sink you deeper than you were before. What is a Payday Loan? At its simplest, a payday loan is simply a small, short-term loan meant to cover the borrower’s expenses until their next payday. They have many different names: paycheck advance, payday advance, and cash advancesRead MorePayday Lending Is A Convenient, Instant, And Short Term Option Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesinstances, payday lending can be a convenient, instant, and short-term option one may want to consider. The speed, ease, and convenience associated with payday lending enables an individual to get out of trouble quick, which has resulted in payday lending consistently growing in popularity over the last couple of decades. Since the early to mid 1990s, the payday lending industry has continuously grown in popularity as well as quantity. In fact, there are currently more than 20,000 payday lenders inRead MoreOnline Cash Advance Lenders Make A Mockery Of Bans By States813 Words   |  4 PagesOnline Cash Advance Lenders Make a Mockery of Bans by States Online Cash Advance Lenders Make a Mockery of Bans by States A recent Washingtontimes.com article explored online lending and state bans of cash advance companies operating within their jurisdictions. The article mentioned that many of these lenders get around bans by ignoring state caps on interest rates and other regulations. Without storefront options, cash advance lenders can still advertise online to deliver quick cash directly toRead MoreCash Connection Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesCash Connection Payday Loans Strategy, Ethics and Forces 1. What is Cash Connections strategy?   * Differentiate itself from competitors to gain the largest piece of the $40 billion dollars of paid lending that the United States industry has to offer, while adhering to government restrictions and meeting customer’s needs. Reference: Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, and Strickland. P. (2010). Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest For Competitive Advantage Concepts and Cases (18th edRead MoreLoan Of Loans Direct And Loan880 Words   |  4 PagesYou know you need a loan, but you don’t quite know where to go for assistance. That dilemma faces many people in the world. So many loan products are available that a consumer can get caught up and confused by fancy wording and jargon. One term that pops up frequently in the financial realm is â€Å"loans direct.† Loans direct is a description of a loan type. The term means that the loan comes directly from the lender to the borrower. Consumers have the option to go through loans direct or to conductRead MorePayday Loan Loans Are A Good Option829 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes there are unforeseen financial circumstances. Paydays loans are a good option to consider. Keep these tips in mind when thinking about getting a payday loan. People should only use a payday loan as their last resort. Loans carry very high interest rates which actually have you paying close to 25 percent of the initial amount of the loan. Prior to securing a payday loan, investigate your options. A simple method to find reputable payday loan lenders to to look on websites that review them. You

Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining free essay sample

Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influencing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. . Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influencing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. v4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors infl uencing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. 3. Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective Bargaining: Concept, Its relevance in IR, CB as an institution, ILO perception of CB, Objectives of CB, Structure, Functions, process, negotiations, bargaining approaches techniques, patterns of bargaining. . Settlements: Types of settlements, Wage settlement, bonus settlement, productivity settlement, VRS settlement, Union issues settlement, Reorganization settlement, Transfer, Layoff, Retrenchment and Closure settlements. 4. 4 Elective HRM 6: Industrial Relations Collective Bargaining 1. Industrial Relations: Historical background, Concept and approaches in IR – Stake holders of IR, Various factors influ encing IR, HR approach to IR, Essentials of sound IR policy, IR Strategies, Legal frame work of IR, Community of IR. Proactive IR, Industrial conflicts, Disputes, Conflict resolution. 2. Trade Unions: Trade union movement and growth of TU in India, National level federations, Trade union problems, Trade union Organization, Leadership and management of Trade union, Trade Union Act 1926, Registration of trade union, Employers Association – Objectives, Origin and growth, Legal status, Problems of Trade Unions. . Grievances and Disciplines: Grievances, Redressal, Discipline, Standing Orders, Acts of misconduct, Show cause notice, Suspension, Enquiry procedure, Principles of natural justice, Punishments, Demotion suspension, Termination, Removal and dismissals, Conflicts – Industrial disputes –Lay off, Termination simplicitor, Retrenchment, closures, VRS. 4. Collective

Paradise or Hell Conflicting Images of the Post

The peculiarities of the post-colonial world have been discussed in many historians, sociologists, and political scientists. However, they can also be examined by looking at literary works that describe the experiences of colonizers and those who were colonized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Paradise or Hell? Conflicting Images of the Post-Colonial World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will focus on the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe and Margaret Atwood’s poem Progressive Insanities of a Pioneer. These works show how colonial forces can impact community and how people can perceive the world that is new and probably hostile to them. Although these novels differ significantly in terms of genre and themes, they can both show us that post-colonial world combines the images of both paradise and hell. Overall, these authors show that these communities could have become a much bett er place to live if settlers and native people tried to understand the values and ideas of one another. This problem is still relevant to contemporary societies that try to overcome the legacies of colonialism. In the opening chapters of his novel, Chinua Achebe portrays a village that is not affected by Western culture and civilization. The action begins just before the arrival of European missionaries. For instance, this is how the author describe the nature, â€Å"he loved this season of the year, when the rains stopped and the sun rose every morning with dazzling beauty. And it was not hot either because the cold and dry harmattan wind was blowing down from the north† (Achebe 2).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a description can imply that it is an idyllic community that is not affected by any external forces. It may be an exaggeration to call it paradise, but such associations can arise. It reminds readers of such things as peace and freedom. However, at the same time, they can see that violence is imbedded into the culture of this community. For example, one can mention Ikemefuna, a boy, who was taken as a hostage and subsequently killed by Okonkwo for the alleged crime of his father. This boy became attached to Okonkwo, but the laws of this tribe obliged Okonkwo to kill this boy. To some degree, this hostility between the two villages mirrors contemporary ethnic conflict in Nigeria. As it has been noted by Rotimi Suberu, Nigerian population is comprised of many ethnic groups that may differ in terms of religion, language or income level (12). This is one of the reasons why ethnic conflicts occur in Nigeria. The main tragedy is that in many cases, innocent people such as Ikemefuna suffer from these hostilities. These examples show that Chinua Achebe gives a conflicting portrayal of the community in which his characters live, and it does combines the elements of paradise and hell. Furthermore, the problems that the author refers to in his novel may manifest themselves in contemporary Nigeria. In turn, Margaret Atwood focuses on the experiences of British colonizers in Canada. At first glance, it seems that the opening lines of her poem describe the sensation of freedom, happiness, and serenity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Paradise or Hell? Conflicting Images of the Post-Colonial World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is how the author describes the feelings of this individual, â€Å"He stood, a point on a sheet of green paper proclaiming himself the centre with no wall, no borders†. (Atwood, 60) Yet, the readers can also notice that this person is by no means happy. The first thing that he says is â€Å"let me out† (Atwood, 60). Such an outcry is hardly compatible with the idea of paradise. One can see that the coloni zer desperately tried to protect the fruits of his labor and feared virtually everything. In fact, he believed that even nature was hostile to him.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Atwood intentionally uses the personal pronoun â€Å"he† in order to emphasize the idea that Canadian colonizers built a patriarchal society in which women were denied access to any positions of power. Apart from that, one can notice that native people are not present in this poem, and their voices are silenced. Overall, Margaret Atwood describes the complex and rather conflicting experiences of British settlers in Canada. These people were trying to establish a new society that could become a better place to live. However, at the same time, they felt rather insecure in these lands. Thus, to some degree, this poem may describe a promised land, but it is full of fear and anxiety. This is the main paradox of colonial experiences. These literary works have other details that refer to the images of paradise and hell. In his novel, Chinua Achebe describes people who adopt a very respectful attitude toward nature and animals. Igbo people tended to describe and explain various natural phenomena with the help of animal stories. Moreover, some of the animals were even revered such as the royal python (Achebe 138). It was inconceivable for Okonkwo that Europeans missionaries could dismiss this tradition. To a great extent, this cultural practice can conjure up such an image as the Garden of Eden in which people did not separate themselves from other animals and lived in harmony with one another. The main tragedy is that they did not show similar respect to the dignity and life of other people. Again, one can mention the innocent boy Ikemefuna who was killed only because he was a member of a different tribe. Thus, it is clear that this tribal society had many flaws even before the arrival of European settlers. However, colonization made the situation worse because it completely dehumanized local people. Chinua Achebe shows that Europeans did not attach much importance to this tradition, beliefs, and value system of the local people. In their opinion, such beliefs were typical of the so-called uncivilized nations. The problem is that the world described by the author is full of hostility and violence that are aimed against the outsiders. Everything that did not reach their standards of conventionality was rejected. Both Africans and European settlers did not even try to understand the values of one another. Certainly, one cannot argue that the culture of Igbo people was perfect, but it could not be dismissed entirely as it was done by European missionaries. This is one of the reasons why post-colonial world is still ridden with conflict. Margaret Atwood’s poem gives readers a different insight into this problem. The thing is that she does not even mention those people who lived in Canada before the arrival of British settlers. A person, whom she describes, believes that he is the centre of the world. It does not occur to him that there could be other people living in this land. It should be noted that this person lives in an environment that was utterly new to him. For instance, Mary Atwood writes, â€Å"Things refused to name themselves; refused to let him name them† (60). On the whole, this quote suggests that colonizers did not even try to talk to local people in order to learn more about this place. Settlers could believe that local were either too primitive or hostile to them. Thus, one can say that the newly created community was very segregated. More importantly, native people were practically excluded from this community, and their presence was disregarded. The problem is that nowadays Native Canadians are underrepresented in public life. So, despite the fact that Margaret Atwood focuses mostly on the life of colonial society, her poem points to the challenges faced by the post-colonial society. These authors also show how damaging the impact of colonialism can be. Okonkwo, the main character of Achebe’s novel resists changes that are brought by European settlers. He believes th at new customs, traditions, especially religion will deprive him of his social status and respect of other people. This is why he commits suicide when Igbo people refuse to support him in his struggle against European missionaries. The person described by Margaret Atwood feels extremely insecure and alienated. His attempts to create an orderly life eventually lead to insanity. Thus, one can say that in both cases, colonialism produced damaging effects on individuals. The legacies of these experiences are palpable nowadays. Certainly, colonial and post-colonial societies could not become an earthly paradise; however, many of their internal flaws could have been eliminated if Europeans and local people tried to accept the humanity and dignity of one another. Unfortunately, this was not done. Surely, one cannot say that post-colonial countries resemble hell, but conflict, injustice and inequality are almost inseparable from them. In part, these social problems are the legacies of colon ialism. Overall, these literary works can be related to the field of post-colonial studies and some of its theories. One of them was developed by Edward Said in his book Orientalism. In particular, this author argues that Western scholars, especially historians often overlook the experiences of those people who were colonized (Said 125). In his opinion, very little attention is paid to their values and perceptions. In fact, they were considered to be primitive and irrational. The popularity of Chinua Achebe’ novel can be partly explained by the fact that he was one of the first authors who gave voice African people. This novel enabled readers throughout the world to see how Igbo people viewed their colonial experiences and how they responded to them. Edward Said also believes that Western colonizers immediately labeled non-western communities as backward, wild and unenlightened (Said 12). As it has been noted before, the folklore of Igbo people included a great number of anim al stories and colonizers perceived it as a sign of backwardness. Additionally, European settlers could not accept the idea that other nations could have different political structures. For example, they believed that tribal communities were essentially primitive. People can long debate whether this argument is right or wrong; yet, the main issue is that Europeans immediately tried to impose their political structures on native people and in this way they disrupted local communities. Apart from that, according to Edward Said Westerners could not accept the way of thinking and lifestyles of the local people (Said 125). For instance, they could not understand people who attached very little attention to property rights and land ownership. In part, this idea is reflected in Margaret Atwood’s poem. British settlers could not imagine the world with â€Å"no walls† or â€Å"no borders† (Atwood 60). The life of aboriginal people was not acceptable for them. More import antly, they became convinced that these communities were primitive or at least underdeveloped. Later, these beliefs were advanced with the help of propaganda. Thus, these two works should the perceptions of aboriginal people and colonizers. Admittedly, these experiences differed immensely, but the main issue is that they did not even try to communicate with one another. The main problem is that such misunderstanding is typical not only of colonial world, but also of the post-colonial societies. The communities that are influenced by the legacies of colonialism still struggle to reconcile the interests and views of Western-European settlers and native people. Such works as Things Fall Apart and Progressive Insanities of a Pioneer can help both sides better understand this conflict. This discussion suggests that the world described by Chinua Achebe and Margaret Atwood may seem serene and peaceful at first glance. However, by taking a closer look at this world, one can see that it is f ull of hostilities, violence, and insecurity. The authors describe different cultures and countries, but in each case, people are alienated from one another. More importantly, they realize that their conventional lifestyle is threatened. Maybe, it is an exaggeration to call these experiences hell, but they have a very adverse influence on them. Okonkwo commits suicide because he is no longer a leader of the community, while the unknown settler described by Margaret Atwood is driven into insanity. The main problem is that native people and colonizers did not make any effort to understand one another. Unfortunately, this problem often manifests itself in the modern, post-colonial world. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart, New York: Anchor, 1994. Print. Atwood, Margaret. Selected Poems, 1965-1975, Berkeley: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1987. Print. Said, Edward. Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Print. Suberu, Rotimi. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria, New Yo rk: US Institute of Peace Press, 2001. Print. This essay on Paradise or Hell? Conflicting Images of the Post-Colonial World was written and submitted by user DamageC0ntr0l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Job Description of a Sales Manager Essays

Job Description of a Sales Manager Essays Job Description of a Sales Manager Essay Job Description of a Sales Manager Essay Job description Purpose: Some people write a job description to hire an employee, some write it to give information to other but, as far as I am concerned, I am writing this Job description for My study purpose. Method: No practical method is used to write Job description, I have collected it from the Internet. I have selected sales manager to write a job description. Sales manager Job Title Sales Manager Based at Marketing Department Reports to Senior business leaders Responsible for Sales Activities Summary Responsible for all sales activities in assigned accounts or regions. Manage quality and consistency of product and service delivery. Key duties of Sales manager 1. Coaching sales people. ?Meet daily with salesman. ?Offer them the coaching, counseling, advice, support, motivation or information they need in order to help them meet their sales objectives. 2. Manager sales department ?Making every effort to maximize both present and long term sales and gross profits. ? Keeping face-to-face contact with your sales people and you must stay current on financial data and inventory. . Set objectives. ?Plan, organize, direct and control your sales staff to meet these objectives. Use these to help your salespeople maximize their potential. ?At the beginning of each month, counsel with each salesperson to establish realistic sales objectives for the month and action plan. ?Establish a sales objective for the department each month and submit it to the dealer. ?Monitor each salesperson’s daily performance and compare it with that month’s objective. ?Understand departmental financial data to determine what is happening in your department. Review financial data that affects your department’s profit centers. 4. Maintain inventory control. ?Review the entire inventory daily. ?Be sure that each unit that is available for immediate delivery as soon as possible, and select units for special displays. ?Maximize your merchandising efforts by seeing that units are attractive and attention getting. Use effective displays, and select appropriate options and accessories. 5. Supervise the sales floor. ?Make sure your salespeople are doing everything they should be doing to successfully sell your dealership’s products. Ensure that the sales floor operations functions smoothly. 6. Develop sales forces ?Recruiting, hiring and training your people. ?Developing the most well trained, professional sales force possible. 7. Assist salesman in the selling operation. ?Assist your salespeople in selling by stimulating floor traffic. ?Motivate them to perform well. ?Assist them in the selling process whenever needed. 8. Involve in customer follow up. ?Supervise the proper use of the Customer Log by each salesperson. Also review the Customer Log for trends that indicate where additional assistance might be needed. . Handle complaints from customer, sales agents. ?Constructively handle (or supervise the handling of) all customer complaints related to your department. 10. Conduct sales meetings. ?Prepare in advance and conduct regular sales meetings. ?Review the performance of your salespeople and to motivate and stimulate them to even greater achievements. 11. Maintain a self development program. ?Constantly strive toward continuing professional growth. ?Work to improve your sales skills, managerial skills, business skills and product knowledge. Job description types of Sales department Sales include job description of positions as follows: 1. Sales manager 2. Sales officer 3. Sales director 4. Sales clerk 5. Sales executive 6. Sales supervisor 7. Sales assistant 8. Sales coordinator Technical Knowledge , Skills Expertise Must have both the sales skills and technical knowledge to make presentations and lead customer discussions to advance the sales process. Must have the ability to develop and work extensively at the executive level. Must have the ability to develop relationships and work extensively at the executive level.

Personal ethics action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal ethics action plan - Essay Example The individual needs to involve ethics in his day to day operation to provide rational and ethical perspective to any prevailing situation. Leadership Leadership can be comprehended as the method of influencing a group by the individual to accomplish common goals. An individual leader needs to recognize the core values. He also needs to have the audacity to live them throughout the life in the service of common good. This is known as personal leadership. Character ‘Character’ in simpler terms can be comprehended as the numerous actions taken by the individual. The actions are thus taken for the purpose of carrying out the ethics, moral as well as values. It is to state that character may not be reflected in what is said by a person or in his intention to do something. It is reflected in what the individual does. Service Service can be explained as the action taken by a person for the purpose of helping someone. There is close relation between the service as well as leade rship. A leader is supposed to delegate the task to his followers and is also accountable for performing many other services. However, he also needs to assure that his followers are completing the task in an ethical manner for achieving the common goal of the organization. Section 2 Fraud Fraud is an ethical issue that impacts the success of the organizations as well as the leaders. The ethical decision is made when a person tends to recognize that a certain context has ethical components. One needs to develop ethical-issue awareness for the purpose of understanding the business ethics. It is the conflicts that give rise to the ethical issues. The conflicts may arise among the individuals’ personal moral ideologies as well as values, the values along with the culture in which they work in the organization and the society in which they live. It is to state that the ethical issues are problems, opportunities or situations requiring the individual, organization and the group to select among numerous actions that need to be assessed as right or incorrect along with ethical and unethical. It can be stated that if an individual involving himself in any kind of misleading and deceiving practices for the purpose of advancing his interest over those of the organization, then it that case they are charged of fraud. Fraud can be understood as the deliberate communication deceiving, concealing and manipulating the fact related to the organization for the purpose of creating a false notion. It is treated as a crime and thus a person fetched with it can be penalized such as imprisonment, fines or it may at times lead to both depending upon the severity of the case. The most common form of frauds as reported by the coworkers are shoplifting or stealing of the office supplies. It has been noted that in the modern times accounting fraud is more pronounced, and thus it has been an ethical issue. However, frauds are not limited to accounting. In the recent times, fraud ha s also been related to the consumers as well as marketing issues. Accounting fraud is becoming one of the serious issues in the corporate houses. It is the financial report of the corporation that helps the investors as well as the other related parties to make informed judgment regarding their deals. If this report or document is full

Mayo Clinic in Minnesota SWOT Analysis Research Paper

Mayo Clinic in Minnesota SWOT Analysis - Research Paper Example It has been apparently viewed that the core values of the clinic are patient care, education, and research. Especially mentioning, the clinic is recognized as one of the best hospitals operating in the United States of America (US) (Mayo Clinic, 2012). The research paper intends to discuss the demographic information of Minnesota, on which Mayo Clinic is situated and will also reveal a SWOT analysis. Moreover, the research would also focus on identifying the stakeholders and determining the strategies for gaining the commitment of the clinic towards delivering quality healthcare service to the patients. Besides, a viable solution towards providing care to all people, while making the hospital profitable will also be depicted in the research paper. Minnesota is a state of the US and it is located in the bank of Zumbro River. The population of the state is around 5,379,139. The population of the state comprises mostly of white people. The population also entail Black or African American and Asian among other racial groups. Additionally, the state mainly comprises Non-Hispanic and Latino groups. The people residing in the state are mainly households or families. The poverty rate in the state can be noted as quite low due to the existence of numerous industries, is the healthcare industry to be a potential one (United States Census Bureau, 2012). Mayo Clinic is recognized to be a leading employer in the respective field, aiding in improving the employment rate of the state by a certain degree. Moreover, the presence of the clinic has assisted towards developing the economic conditions of the state through raising the profitability of the restaurants, hotels along with the retail stores due to an increased level of patients visit t he clinic with diverse health problems (Advameg, Inc., 2009).

Perceptions of Parents With Down Syndrome

Perceptions of Parents With Down Syndrome A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME: THE CASE OF A FAMILY IN BAMENDA, CAMEROON AND A FAMILY IN LEUVEN, BELGIUM ABSTRACT Down syndrome is a form of disability which retards the growth of children. This form of disability is perceived differently in different cultures and these different perceptions affect the relationship between the rest of the family and the Down syndrome child. While some cultures see Down syndrome children as abnormal beings that have come back in human form to torment families, others see them as just children who have retarded growth and needs an extra help to grow in their own world. These different perceptions therefore enhance the type of treatment granted to these children by their parents. This article is based on evaluating the perception of parents with Down syndrome children within an African context and a Western context. Case study for the case of African will be based on my experience with Down syndrome children in Bamenda and other available literatures while that of the West will be based on ethnographic study with a family in Leuven. This research will examine the different views on the causes of Down syndrome and how this influences the relationship between the Down syndrome child and the family. Also, this article will analyze the type of treatment provided in these different cultural setting. INTRODUCTION Down syndrome most often is caused by trisomy due to no segregation of chromosome 21 in the formation of the oocyte or spermatocyte and it can also be caused by translocation of trisomy 21. This translocation takes place in instances where a piece of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome often number 14 during cell division. This disability occurs very often in 1 of every 1000 live birth children. This always leads to impairment in cognitive ability and physical growth which could be very mild of severed with some affected children. The recognition of this is very limited. A great number children suffer from Down syndrome disorder in the world today. Not all these children have the means of being diagnosed to know what they are suffering from due to socio economic reasons. Not being diagnosed is a major problem because it affects their development. The number of children who actually are diagnosed and given adequate treatment is greater in developed countries more than developing countries. The perception parents have about the cause, diagnosis and treatment of children with Down syndrome is an interesting aspect that has a great impact on the development of these children. In the light of different cultural point of view, biomedical and socio-cultural factors play a very important role. Betancourt Lopez, 1993 explains that cultural and familial factors are dynamic, non-static entities rather than objective social address variables impacting on child development. The immediate family is the first teacher of a child and their relationship influences the childs development. White and Hastings (2004), also adds that among other factors, the maintaining of positive perceptions of the child, along with optimistic attitudes, gaining information in order further to understand the nature of the condition, fostering family cohesion, and identifying, and gaining access to, support services are all important in the childs development. This is why parents perception about the childs disability whether being biomedical or socio-cultural has a tremendous impact on the childs development. While the modern context perceives biomedicine and other social problems as the cause of this disability, a purely traditional context perceives supernatural, magical, religious and metaphysical factors as the cause of this disability. This different perception affects the relationship between the child and the family and also influences the kind of treatment provided for the children. This article therefore is based on a comparative study on the perception of parents of children with Down syndrome using the case of a modern context and traditional context. Also, evaluating issue of social stigma which puts the disabled child in an inbetween space. OBJECTIVES Main objective To evaluate a comparative study on how different perceptions due to different cultural believes affect the development of Down syndrome children. Specific objectives To assess what the parents believe to be the cause of this disability. Investigate the type of treatment they give as a result of their different perceptions. Compare the social stigma faced DS children in the different cultural backgrounds. Finally to analyze the impacts of these diverse perception on the child development. RESEARCH QUESTION How do the perceptions of parents of children with Down syndrome affect the childs development? METHODOLOGY The perception of parent of children with Down syndrome is an interesting issue with diverse perceptions. These diverse views are influenced by different socio-cultural environment. All of these views have necessitated a multi- approach in collecting data for this article. The methodology therefore was divided into two parts considering the different cultural settings; Data Collection These included the ways in which data was collected from the field. Questionnaires (individual depth interviews), unstructured interview, key informant interview, lectures from class, group discussion, and participant observation were used to collect data from the family with the Down syndrome child in Leuven. I visited this very welcoming and hospitable family seven times and I was allowed to be an active participant observer. While the source of data for the traditional setting in Cameroon came mostly from past experience with the families of children with Down syndrome in a typical African traditional setting and also secondary data were used to collect data. The particular case I used was a child in my neighbourhood. The Perception of Parents of Children with Down Syndrome in a Tradition African Society In a typical traditional society, disability in general is not seen as normal thing. In most of these societies, disable people are not recognised as human beings but are attributed to different things. Not only do these societies have insufficient means of rehabilitating disabled people but they do not treat them as normal people and they suffer from chronic social stigma. This is also the case of children with Down syndrome. This chapter will present the case of Down syndrome children in a typical African traditional society where the people have a strong attachment to their cultural believes. Also examining how the peoples perception of the cause of Down syndrome affects their relationship with the child. Down syndrome is a disability that has been realised only of recent in most developing countries including Cameroon. Though this disability has been diagnosed in this part of the world, Down syndrome children are still widely seen as abnormal children. In my own town, they are considered as witches. They are believed to have come back to torment parents for one reason or the other. I will like to give a brief story of a Down syndrome child who was my neighbour in my home town. This young girl got married and became pregnant and had a normal pregnancy. She was a hairdresser and her husband a bus driver. During her pregnancy she was always advised not to walk at night because it is a common believe that pregnant women should not walk at night or else they will be possess by evil spirits. This womans job made her work late into the night and she had to trek back home every night from work. When she finally gave birth to a girl called Blandine after her due period, the first thing she noticed about Blandine is that she did not cry immediately she was born. This was abnormal but the doctors said she was ok. The child stayed in the incubator for about two weeks because she was not very active. As Blandine grew we discovered that she was not very active like other children. It became clear when she was about 5months because by then she could not seat not to talk of creeping. She started creeping when she was around 9months which was a very slow rate of growth sin ce she was actually suppose to be standing and trying to walk. Her growth rate was relatively low. Being in a traditional society with strong cultural believes different reasons where attributed for the cause of her retarded growth. When the child was 4months due to this slow development the mother consulted a woman who had being a traditional midwife and she was advised to use the bone of an elephant to strengthen the legs of the child and also to apply mbuma oil which is oil from a particular type of snake. She used all these but there was no improvement. The childs parent visited several other traditional herbalists who said different stories. Most of which said she had being possessed by an evil spirit since she walked late in the night during her pregnancy. For them the only thing she could do was to keep the child near a river so that she can return to where she came from. It is a common believe that when you place such children near a big river, after some rituals they turn into snake and return to the water where they came from. For Blandines parents it was very difficult to do such a thing to her, though this perception greatly affected their relationship with their daughter. At the age of 2year, the child had really grown very big and could not be carried around since she could not walk and there were no baby carriers to carry her. She was always abandoned at home alone for hours. We always heard that when she is alone she will play with other invisible witches or evil spirits. There were perceptions that some of these children turn into old people and eat all the food in the house when they are left alone. We always heard very strange stories about these children which frightened us and people around could hardly accept to carry the little girl. Other pregnant women never went near her because they feared she could possess them too. Other parents also restricted their children from going close to the girl. She was not treated like other children and was always neglected. What worsened the situation is the fact that she was always sick too. The general perception was that she became sick only when her father had money in other that the money will be spen t on her. The parents hardly took her to the hospital but often to a traditional herbalist who will demand several things in cash and kind. Other family problems between the couples were attributed to the child. After she had reached certain age, the coupled tried to have another child to no avail. It was therefore believed that this evil child had blocked the woman of the mother. She was always insulted and asked to go back to where she came from. They coupled had serious marital problems since they couldnt get another child knowing the importance of children in an African context. This little girl was never considered as a child but a burden and disgrace to the family. They family members and neighbours hated the child with much passion. Moreso, the child was maltreated because it was a common believe that if you treat such children well they will still come back if they happen to die and when you give birth to another child. So she was badly treated. The worst came when the father became seriously ill and finally died. All these considered as ill lock was attributed to the child and the hatred increased. At the age of 4 this little girl will be abandoned alone, she played alone and you co uld find her smiling to herself. All we knew was that she was smiling with her people of the spirit world. This little girl became very sick finally died at the age of 4years 3months merely due to ignorance and negligence. Before she died on the several visits to traditional doctors, she had being given a mark on her face. This mark will identify her if she should come back again. The mother was cleansed and purified by a diviner to prevent the child from returning. About a year later the mother became pregnant with her new boyfriend and according to them it was really the disabled child that blocked her womb. The little girl might have died of any of the diseases faced by children suffering from Down syndrome. She might have had one of the following; congenital heart defects, gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrent ear infections, obstructive sleep apnea, and thyroid dysfunctions which are health problems associated with the disability. With such less medical care this health problem might have generated into a chronic disease which is what killed her. But due to the socio-cultural pe rception of the community in which this child found herself it was not discovered. The above therefore shows how the perception of these parents and the social stigma attached by community in general led to the untimely death of this little girl. This story is common in many parts of Africa especially in some rural areas where some of these children are even killed. Cultural influence has therefore a great impact on every disabled childs development. The Cameroon government and Non Governmental Organisations are trying to educate families and communities of children with this disability. Much still has to be done because sensitisation is mostly done in the urban areas, the people in most rural areas are still left with their traditional perception of this disability and many other disabilities. They still consider disability to be some sort of curse caused by supernatural and other mystical factors. An Ethnographic Study on the Perception of Parents of Children with Down Syndrome in a Contemporary Society In the contemporary world of today, many people try to work very hard so as to meet the high expectations and competition. Disability is seen as an impediment notwithstanding the fact that many disabled people are crossing the disable line, though many still remain in luminal stage. Robert Murphy (1987) confirms this by pointing out that people with disability in general exist in partial isolation from society as undefined, ambiguous people. They are neither here nor there, this is the case with the boy with down syndrome as he still suffers from stigmatisation. Down syndrome is a form of disability that has being diagnosed in many countries all over the world. Measures are there for put in place to help these disable children develop. This part of this article is based on an ethnographic study on a family in Leuven with a child disabled by Down syndrome. The main issue here is finding out the perception of the parents towards toward their disabled child and how it affects their family. When a child is diagnosed of Down syndrome or any other disability the family goes through different stages; there is serious morning and regrets at the beginning, then refusal and guilt follows and finally the if the parents still want the child they then accept the child but some parents do abandoned their disabled children and they are sent to the orphanage. This procedure is also experienced in my case study. This is a family made up of two children, a girl who is the first and a disabled boy called Ben. The mother is a teacher and the father a banker. Ben was born in June 2004 with 2.9kg through normal delivery. At birth the obstertrian had suspected he had this disability because of his facial looks and other associate symptoms and a week later he was diagnosed of Down syndrome. The mother too explained that before then she too had noticed that her son had a facial look which was not very straight like her first daughter had. The doctor explained to them the cause of the disability. And after carrying out a genetic counselling to find out the origin of the translocation, it was discovered that the extra copy of the chromosome 21 was from the mother. The doctor explained to them that this was possible because of the maternal age of child birth. The mother had the second child when she was 42years. At the age of 40 the woman has the chances of 1 in 100 and the chances by the age of 42 inc reases to 1 in 60 which was the case of this family. I asked the parents what their reactions were when Ben was diagnosed of this impediment. The mother responded: I was very shocked and deep within I felt really bad knowing that the fault was from me but what consulted me was that our son was just disabled and not sick. What made me mad with the doctor is that why was this disability not diagnosed during my prenatal checkups, that will have prepared me psychologically Most parents hope to have abled children who will meet their future dreams of becoming independent successful men and women. It is always very shocking when they are told these dreams cannot be met because their lovely kid is disabled. Most tend to blame the doctors at first for one reason or the other. In any case though also shocked, this womans response was a positive one because just knowing that the son was not sick was a good beginning coupled with the fact that she knows she is part of the cause of the sons condition. This goes in line with Danseco, Evangeline R. (1997) who explains in her article that mothers who blamed themselves of their childs disability had less caretaking difficulties and less mood disturbances; they also had more positive scores on scales of emotional and verbal responsiveness, organization of the physical and temporal environment, and maternal involvement with the child. This is the exact situation of this family because the mother looked at the situat ion as something she could handle especially when she later explained that she was obliged to attend the numerous counselling sessions which has greatly helped her relationship with her son. For the mother it was not a permanent situation but temporal though she knew that it was a gradual process which needed a lot of patience as the doctor explained to them. She believed that this is the period when Ben needed much love and concern. The mothers perception of Bens condition was however different from the fathers. It was more than a shock to me, I had wanted a son who will grow to be like me or even better than me. In my heart at that moment I knew that no matter what, the situation was irreversible, because growing up we had a boy in our neighbourhood about my age who had the same problem and never developed much The story about his neighbour could have been true because before the 1980s there were less parental support and the quality of education with Down syndrome children was not the best as it is today. Paul T Roger et al 199 acknowledges this by saying that there have been so many changes in the quality of parents support, the education offered and public acceptance and attitude. According to the father this diagnoses greatly affected his relationship with his son. He knows from his own past experience that not much could be done. He confessed that from that moment the love he had hoped for the son greatly reduced. He was very reluctant to take their son home when he was discharged from the hospital. The elder sister too had her own perception. For her she had wanted a kid brother or sister for a playmate and someone she could confined in. If her brother was diagnosed disable it means he will not be very active to play with her as she had hoped. She felt sad because she knew she will be lonely again with no kid brother to play or confine in. All these were the familys perception immediately the child was diagnosed. These different perceptions affected their relationship with Ben at home. The Relationship At Home As Ben grew old the family interaction also changed. Things were not the same as it used to be with their first daughter. Knowing that there is a person who cannot do anything for himself had to affect the lives of those who were close to him. The mother especially was affected. She said, My whole life changed, I had to do all my best to please my son. This also will make me happy and be appeased with myself. For the mother she continuously blamed herself for the childs condition. Therefore taking care of the child despite all odds was not a problem for her. As a teacher, she continued her teaching practise at home by teaching her son and being very patient with him knowing that he is a very slow learner. She is also involved in much reading on issues concerning Down syndrome. She has also made friends with another woman whose daughter also has the disability. These two women often discuss to find out how their children are improving. The learn development skills from each other which will help their children especially when it worked out for one. Bens mother confirmed that the other lady has given her much hope since her daughter is older and has greatly developed. She always advised her on what to do especially concerning the health and hot temper of the child. As a result of his disability his major health problems are dental problems and feeding difficulties. He has to be taken to the dentist at least once a month. The mother explained that it is her job to do that. The father stays most of the time away from their son unless on very rare occasions when the mother cannot make out time. But when it comes to something concerning their daughter he is very fast in reacting. When I tried to discuss with the woman that maybe is it just for the fact that fathers are attached to their daughters more than their sons, she explained to me that the situation worsen between the father/son relationship only after he was diagnosed. She also added that the husband was very excited when he knew he will have a son and was loving and caring before the diagnosed the child of DS. Though things have improved now considering the condition the wife explained to me she went through, you can still see the lukewarm attitude of the father when you come very close to the family especially when the daughter is around. The third time I visited the family, it was on a bright and warm day and they were having some outdoor activities. I noticed that the father played more with the daughter than the son, and the mother though playing with the two children paid more attention to the son since according to what she said he is a delicate person and I have got to be very careful with him so I always have to keep an eye on him. You see that the perception of Bens disability has divided the family somehow. While the mother considers herself to be the cause of the childs situation and wants to do all she can to please the child and herself, the father has less time for him knowing that his condition can hardly be improved and he is more attached to the daughter whom he believes has a brighter future. The mother of Ben explained to me that the situation between her the husband and the son is even much better now. She said that immediately after the diagnoses, the father could hardly even carry the baby boy. It was so serious that she complained to their doctor and they had to go for counselling on several occasions for the situation to improve upon. She explained that there were moments that Ben will even cry when the father came closer. Ben grew to know and love the mother more. The love the mother and the son shared helped the son to develop much. During his happy moments he quickly learns whatever he is bei ng taught and will hardly forget it especially if its from his mother. The sister also showed him some love though it was restricted because he became very violent at times especially when they are playing games and he wants things to be done his own way. This made her stay away from him. Ben loves watching cartoons, tries to read story books with pictures and most interestingly enjoys exploiting the internet. The Familys Daily Routine and Its Impact on the Disabled Child In the morning everybody tries to get up at 7am. Before the boy tends 3years he used to get up only after 9am. Because of that the mother had to shift most of her lessons to begin from 11am so that she will be sure to go to school early. She had to take him to the child day care every morning after a long fight with him in the morning. While the father takes their daughter to her school at 8pm she stayed behind to clean up the son and persuade him take breakfast. Eating was a problem for him because the mother had to force him to eat every morning. She explains that there were moments that he will cry and become so violent that she also got angry. The few times she had lift him with his father Ben had hardly ate anything because the father was not very patient with him. After work the father or the mother picks the children depending on who is early that day. There are days that they go for sport in the evenings especially in summer. They also go for counselling and special instructi on teaching. The mother always tries to be present during the sessions because they are taught how to improve on their childs language, how to make him independent, improve on his cognitive level and social skills at the level of the family. The father attends it just a few and only when the mother really insist he should come with her. After the age of 3 he was enrolled in a special school for children with such disability so the daily routine in the house had to change. They had to teach him how to get up earlier and he was forcefully pulled out from bed especially during the first few months. The name of his school is where there are other children with such disability. Ben is in a class of 15children and the teacher tries to make the lessons very interactive. In class he has a cordial relationship with his classmate since all of them have almost the same reasoning capacity. The teachers are very patient with them though some of these disabled children maybe very violent. A solid relationship at home and in school will help the child to develop more. Children with this disability who have a very supportive family develop faster than those who do not. Bens mother added that if the father had put in much effort as she has done their son would have been perfect. He needed their full support, patience and tolerance. The mother says that with time she will like her son to attend a general education school. Ben is very interested in computer issues and the mother believes that he can become a great computer scientist and she is doing all her best to encourage him. Bens mother also explained that when Ben goes to the general education school she will hire a teacher from the special education school who can give him three hours a week of extra support classes. He will also continue to attend the rehabilitation centre classes for two hours a week for his speech, physical and occupational therapies like computer, since he seems to be very interested in computer. Most parents with disabled children today prefer their children to attend general education schools. They believe that these children will develop more in such schools since they face challenges with normal children, they will also fight to be like them. Most governments are therefore trying to encourage inclusive education for these children. In Flanders (Belgium), inclusive education for children with significant cognitive disabilities has been emerging in a process of gradual change at the individual, systems, and policy levels for the last 15 years (Van Hove, Mortier et al. 2009). CONCLUSION In the two cases above these children though under different cultural setting do face social stigma because of their disability. In the first case there is total denial of the child by the entire community due to their cultural believes which eventually leads to the dead of the child. With the second case, the child is in a better situation though not completely accepted. The mother though under difficult emotional stress accepts the son and the father and the rest of the society around the child accepts the child from a distance. You see that the environment that a DS child finds himself do influence his development. Ben is in a society where there are basic necessities for children with such impediment though he is indirectly rejected while Blandine did not only lack the resources but was openly rejected. But Ben stands at a better position because he has a loving mother who is hoping to give him the best even when the society does not accept him. This shows that attitude the society has about child with Down syndrome has not changed much because people still see these children as a burden and a disgrace to their parents. Their facial look also makes people to look at them in a funny way. Bens mother also explained that she felt really bad when people openly reject her son. For example, when they go to the park some parents will call back their children if they want to play with her son. She explains that it made her feel rejected herself. This is a stigma that she cannot run from she cannot abandon her no matter what the society says. Though in general people are being sentitised world wide about this disability, considering the child as a normal person is still very difficult. Most people still believe that these children with DS and other associate disabilities cannot grow to become independent and contribute to the economic growth of the society. They fail to understand that with the available resources these children can grow to meet their dreams. What they need is acceptance by all and a bit of patience due to their retarded nature to become full members of the society. These children therefore find themselves in a luminal situation. They are in an inbetween situation in which though the society is making efforts to integrate them, they are still suffering from stigmatisation. They are therefore in an ambiguous stage which most of them including their families dream to come out one day. REFERENCES Betancourt, H. Lopez, S.R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. 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